Le lundi 10 novembre, le président syrien Ahmed al-Sharaa s’est rendu à Washington DC pour des entretiens avec le président américain Donald Trump, qui ont abouti à la levée tant attendue des sanctions contre le pays en voie de rétablissement.
À la suite de cette rencontre historique – c’est la première fois qu’un président syrien se rend à la Maison Blanche – les États-Unis ont accepté de suspendre pour 180 jours la loi César, qui limitait et ajoutait des risques aux investissements étrangers en Syrie, essentiels à la reconstruction de la Syrie d’après-guerre.
Lors de l’annonce de la levée de ces sanctions, le secrétaire d’État américain Marco Rubio a précisé les termes de l’accord, des restrictions demeurant en place sur “certaines transactions impliquant les gouvernements de la Russie et de l’Iran, ou le transfert de dispositions relatives à des biens, technologies, logiciels, fonds, financements ou services d’origine russe ou iranienne”.
Lors de la rencontre entre les deux présidents, il a également été convenu que la Syrie rejoindrait la coalition internationale dirigée par les États-Unis pour combattre le groupe État islamique ISIS. Un développement remarquable étant donné que Shaara faisait auparavant partie du groupe terroriste Al-Qaïda et que sa tête était mise à prix pour 10 millions de dollars.
S’exprimant ensuite, M. Trump a fait allusion au passé “difficile” de M. Shaara, mais il a apporté son soutien au dirigeant syrien, affirmant qu’il pensait que M. Shaara avait ce qu’il fallait pour redresser la situation de la Syrie.
Le soutien des États-Unis sera crucial pour la reconstruction de la Syrie, surtout si l’on tient compte des relations diplomatiques tendues entre les deux pays. M. Shaara a tenu à souligner que la Syrie est désormais un allié géopolitique des États-Unis et qu’elle n’est plus considérée comme une menace.
Parmi les autres résultats des discussions, les États-Unis ont accepté que la Syrie rouvre son ambassade à Washington, et M. Shaara s’est engagé à intégrer les forces de défense kurdes syriennes dans l’armée syrienne. Toutefois, le gouvernement syrien a refusé de s’engager dans une normalisation avec Israël, malgré les pressions exercées par les États-Unis.
Si la levée des sanctions de la loi César est positive, le fait qu’il y ait une limite dans le temps pourrait poser des problèmes à la Syrie qui tente d’encourager les investissements étrangers.
Un réexamen constant sera nécessaire, et une abrogation assortie de conditions pourrait dissuader les entreprises d’investir en Syrie par crainte d’être elles-mêmes sanctionnées.
M. Shaara s’est rendu dans plusieurs pays riches du Golfe pour encourager les investissements afin d’aider la Syrie à se remettre de 14 années de guerre. Il a rencontré le président russe, M. Poutine, pour discuter du développement des champs pétroliers syriens et d’autres projets dans les secteurs de l’énergie, des transports et du tourisme. Il a également invité à investir dans les sources d’énergie renouvelables lors du sommet de l’ONU sur le climat au Brésil.
Selon le gouverneur de la Banque centrale de Syrie, Abdulkader Husrieh, plus de 22 entreprises américaines, dont Visa, Mastercard et Halliburton, souhaitent pénétrer le marché syrien et participer à des projets de reconstruction, d’énergie et de transport.
Toutefois, les entreprises occidentales hésitent à juste titre à investir en Syrie en raison de la fragilité de l’état politique du pays et des problèmes de sécurité : plus de 2 500 personnes ont été tuées dans des violences sectaires depuis que Shaara a pris le contrôle du pays, les principales cibles étant les alaouites, la secte du président syrien déchu, Bashar al-Assad.
Avant la réunion de Washington, la Syrie a procédé à des frappes préventives sur des cellules de l’État islamique, un communiqué indiquant que cette action s’inscrivait dans le cadre des “efforts nationaux en cours pour lutter contre le terrorisme et faire face aux complots visant la sécurité et les citoyens du pays”.
Le mois dernier, la Banque mondiale a estimé que la reconstruction de la Syrie coûterait 216 milliards de dollars, de sorte que la sécurisation des investissements étrangers doit rester au premier plan des préoccupations du gouvernement.
Cependant, pour les entreprises occidentales, investir en Syrie représente un équilibre délicat entre opportunités et risques.
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