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Des experts internationaux en santé publique mettent en garde contre une taxation élevée de la nicotine

83 éminents experts en santé publique expriment de vives inquiétudes quant à la révision par la Commission européenne de la directive relative aux accises sur le tabac (TED). Selon eux, taxer les produits de substitution sans fumée de la même manière que les cigarettes combustibles est une mesure qui contredit les preuves scientifiques, sape les efforts de santé publique et protège le commerce mortel des cigarettes.

Aujourd’hui (1er septembre), une coalition de 83 experts internationaux de premier plan en matière de santé publique, de dépendance à la nicotine et de lutte antitabac a envoyé une lettre ouverte à la présidente de la Commission européenne, Ursula von der Leyen, dans laquelle elle met en garde contre le projet d’imposer de nouvelles taxes sur des produits à base de nicotine moins nocifs, tels que les e-cigarettes, les produits du tabac chauffés et les sachets de nicotine.

La lettre conteste directement les récentes communications publiques de l’UE qui suggèrent que ces produits présentent des risques pour la santé comparables à ceux du tabagisme, qualifiant cette position d'”écart important par rapport au principe fondamental de la santé publique fondée sur des données probantes” et de forme de désinformation.

Pour étayer leur argumentation, les experts mettent en avant plusieurs exemples concrets de résultats positifs en matière de santé publique obtenus grâce à la réduction des méfaits du tabac, notamment en Suède, au Royaume-Uni et en Nouvelle-Zélande.

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Les signataires exhortent la Commission à adopter une approche réglementaire fondée sur la science, qui différencie les produits combustibles des produits non combustibles, afin de tirer parti de l’immense potentiel de la réduction des risques pour sauver des vies et réduire le fardeau des maladies liées au tabagisme, qui causent actuellement près de 700 000 décès prématurés dans l’Union européenne chaque année.

La lettre est cosignée par des organisations médicales et de réduction des risques de premier plan, dont l’European Tobacco Harm Reduction Advocates (ETHRA), l’International Association for Smoking Control and Harm Reduction (SCOHRE) et la Spanish Medical Platform for Tobacco Harm Reduction (PRDT).

Le professeur Konstantinos Farsalinos (MD, MPH), autorité reconnue en matière de réduction des méfaits du tabac, qui a pris cette initiative, a vivement critiqué l’approche de la Commission :

“C’est un principe essentiel que toute politique de santé publique – en particulier lorsqu’elle est liée au tabac – doit reposer sur les meilleures preuves scientifiques disponibles, conformément à l’engagement de la Commission européenne en faveur d’une législation fondée sur les données. Il est préoccupant de constater que les récentes communications publiques de fonctionnaires, dont le commissaire à la santé et au bien-être animal, s’écartent radicalement de ce principe. Affirmer que les dommages causés par les produits de réduction des risques sans combustion sont comparables à ceux des cigarettes conventionnelles est en désaccord avec les preuves scientifiques et le bon sens. Elle révèle un profond malentendu au sein de la Commission sur le potentiel de ces produits en matière de santé publique et, malheureusement, propage les perceptions erronées communément observées parmi les Européens, en particulier les fumeurs, sur les avantages de l’adoption d’une stratégie de réduction des méfaits du tabac”, a-t-il déclaré.

L’introduction proposée de taxes prohibitives sur les produits à base de nicotine moins nocifs représente en réalité une “razzia fiscale” sur ces produits, avec de fortes implications négatives pour la santé publique. Même pour les cigarettes de tabac, si la taxation reste un outil efficace pour réduire la prévalence du tabagisme, toute augmentation brutale et incontrôlée des taxes peut encourager un marché noir incontrôlé, qui rendrait en fait les cigarettes moins chères pour les consommateurs. Mais l’impact négatif le plus important sur la santé publique est attendu de la taxation des produits nicotiniques à faible risque. En fait, la réduction des dommages liés au tabac peut être un outil efficace pour augmenter les recettes publiques. Mais cet objectif sera atteint en promouvant les produits nicotiniques non combustibles auprès des fumeurs, réduisant ainsi la charge économique liée au tabagisme en raison des dépenses de santé et des coûts liés à la perte de productivité. Au lieu de cela, l’application d’une lourde charge fiscale sur des produits susceptibles de sauver des vies entraînera inévitablement la création d’un marché noir, réduira les recettes et, surtout, coûtera des vies”, a-t-il ajouté.

TED et TEDOR

En juillet de cette année, la Commission européenne a publié le même jour deux annonces distinctes dévoilant un nouvel effort pour réduire la consommation de tabac en augmentant les taxes, une mesure visant à accroître le coût des cigarettes et des autres produits du tabac dans l’ensemble de l’UE. Dans un geste sans précédent, la Commission européenne fait reposer une part importante de sa planification financière future sur le dos des fumeurs et des vapoteurs.

Deux mécanismes sous-tendent cette stratégie fiscale. Premièrement, une directive révisée sur les accises sur le tabac (DAT) propose des hausses considérables : une augmentation de 139 % des taxes sur les cigarettes, de 258 % sur le tabac à rouler et, pour la première fois, des prélèvements importants sur les e-cigarettes, le tabac chauffé et les sachets de nicotine. Deuxièmement, un nouvel instrument fiscal appelé Tobacco Excise Duty Own Resource (TEDOR) imposerait une surtaxe de 15 % sur l’ensemble des produits, conçue spécifiquement pour canaliser des fonds directement dans les coffres de l’UE, soi-disant pour soutenir des programmes majeurs, y compris le réarmement de l’Europe dans le cadre de la coordination de l’OTAN.

La proposition TEDOR, présentée séparément dans le cadre du nouveau cadre financier pluriannuel de l’UE (CFP) de 2 000 milliards d’euros pour la période 2028-2034, est conçue comme une nouvelle source de revenus pour l’UE, indépendante des contributions des États membres. Il repose sur la collecte de 11,2 milliards d’euros par an grâce à des changements radicaux dans le régime fiscal du tabac de l’UE. Cette initiative, désormais ouvertement reconnue par les initiés de la Commission, suggère un changement profond : d’une réglementation axée sur la santé, on passe à une dépendance budgétaire vis-à-vis des habitudes que Bruxelles prétendait décourager depuis longtemps.

Une politique coincée entre les cordons de la bourse et la santé publique

Alors que la Commission avait initialement affirmé que TEDOR fonctionnerait indépendamment des systèmes fiscaux nationaux, elle admet aujourd’hui que le rendement prévu de TEDOR dépend de l’adoption des réformes de TED. Or, ces réformes se heurtent à une forte opposition de la part de plusieurs États membres de l’UE, dont l’Italie, la Grèce, le Portugal et la Roumanie, des pays où le taux de tabagisme reste élevé et où les taxes sur le tabac sont politiquement sensibles. En outre, la Suède s’est opposée à la proposition de l’UE d’utiliser les recettes provenant de l’augmentation des taxes sur le tabac pour contribuer au financement du prochain budget à long terme de l’Union.

En cas d’échec de la directive, l’Union européenne pourrait perdre jusqu’à 78,4 milliards d’euros de recettes prévues, ce qui aurait pour effet de sous-financer des initiatives essentielles en matière de défense et de protection de l’environnement. Si elle aboutit, l’UE risque de devenir structurellement dépendante de la consommation de produits nocifs, avec des incitations perverses à maintenir une base fiscale ancrée dans la dépendance.

Un budget construit sur la dépendance ?

Le plus inquiétant est le changement de philosophie sous-jacent. Les institutions européennes vantent depuis longtemps leur engagement en faveur de la réduction des risques, de l’équité en matière de santé et du sevrage tabagique. Pourtant, la stratégie actuelle révèle une contradiction flagrante : si les gens arrêtent de fumer, le budget s’effondre.

En outre, l’introduction de droits d’accise élevés sur les substituts nicotiniques sans fumée compromet des années de progrès réalisés dans des pays comme la Suède et le Royaume-Uni, où ces produits ont permis de réduire considérablement les taux de tabagisme. Plutôt que d’encourager le sevrage tabagique, l’Union européenne le pénalise.

La voie à suivre

L’unanimité étant requise entre les 27 États membres de l’UE, la réforme du TED est loin d’être garantie. Pourtant, la Commission semble jouer le jeu, espérant que la crainte d’une perte de revenus l’obligera à se conformer à la législation. Cette attitude risque de transformer la santé publique en monnaie d’échange politique et de saper la confiance dans les politiques européennes.

Si l’UE cherche réellement à réduire le tabagisme, à améliorer la santé publique et à combler les déficits budgétaires de manière responsable, elle doit dissocier la taxation de la santé des lignes de financement essentielles telles que la défense. Une politique fiscale transparente, éthique et tournée vers l’avenir ne doit pas dépendre de la consommation de nicotine.

La question qui se pose aujourd’hui est simple mais urgente : L’Union européenne construit-elle un avenir plus sain ou simplement plus riche, financé par les malades ?

Photo par Christian Lue sur Unsplash

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