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La finance prédatrice plonge l’industrie automobile britannique dans la crise

Lorsque la plupart des gens pensent au financement automobile, ils imaginent un paiement mensuel, une signature chez le concessionnaire et le départ au volant de leur nouvelle voiture. Ce qu’ils ne voient pas, c’est le réseau de contrôle qui se cache derrière ces transactions, façonné par des sociétés de financement qui opèrent au sein même des constructeurs automobiles.

Ces prêteurs sont aujourd’hui au cœur de deux grands scandales dans l’industrie automobile britannique : l’un impliquant des milliards de dollars de dédommagement potentiel pour les consommateurs, l’autre menaçant la survie des concessionnaires indépendants.

Entre 2007 et 2021, de nombreuses opérations de financement automobile au Royaume-Uni reposaient sur des commissions discrétionnaires. Les prêteurs autorisaient les concessionnaires à fixer les taux d’intérêt dans une fourchette. Plus le taux était élevé, plus le concessionnaire touchait de commissions. La plupart des consommateurs n’avaient aucune idée que cela pouvait discrètement ajouter des milliers d’euros au coût de leur prêt. Cette pratique, légale mais profondément injuste, a été conçue et approuvée par les prêteurs eux-mêmes.

Aujourd’hui, la Financial Conduct Authority examine des milliers de plaintes et pourrait imposer des réparations d’une valeur de plusieurs dizaines de milliards de livres. L’ampleur de cette affaire pourrait dépasser celle du scandale des PPI. Mais le problème n’est pas seulement que certains conducteurs ont été surfacturés. Il s’agit du fait que le marché britannique du financement automobile a été façonné par des prêteurs dont l’intérêt premier est de stimuler les ventes et les bénéfices des marques qu’ils servent.

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Des sociétés comme RCI ( qui finance les véhicules Renault et Nissan ) et Volkswagen Financial Services ne sont pas des courtiers indépendants. Elles sont intégrées au modèle commercial des constructeurs. Leur rôle est de faciliter l’achat d’une voiture, certes, mais aussi d’extraire de la valeur à chaque étape, depuis la concession jusqu’au remboursement final. Ce faisant, ils ont transformé les clients et les concessionnaires en outils de croissance.

Prenons l’exemple de Kevin Mackie, un concessionnaire écossais respecté qui dirigeait Mackie Motors. En 2021, RCI lui a retiré son soutien financier et opérationnel avec un préavis de sept jours seulement. L’élément déclencheur ? Un seul article non vérifié provenant de l’extérieur du Royaume-Uni, qui associait faussement un ancien associé de l’ex-femme de Kevin Mackie à des faits présumés de blanchiment d’argent. Sur la seule base de ces “allégations non sourcées”, RCI Bank a déposé un rapport d’activité suspecte (SAR) à l’encontre de Kevin Mackie auprès de la National Crime Agency (NCA). Bien que la NCA ait décidé de ne pas donner suite à l’affaire, RCI a décidé de retirer Mackie Motors de ses activités commerciales essentielles.

Il s’agissait d’une démonstration de force et d’un rappel de l’ampleur du contrôle que ces prêteurs exercent lorsqu’ils choisissent d’en faire usage. Le résultat a été dévastateur. Soixante-quinze emplois risquaient d’être perdus et une entreprise locale détruite, tout cela après que la banque RCI ait prétendument fait pression sur son propriétaire, le Groupe Renault, ainsi que sur Nissan Motors, pour qu’ils cessent d’approvisionner Mackie Motors.

C’est ce qui se produit lorsqu’une industrie se financiarise. L’accès au crédit, aux systèmes et aux stocks n’est plus régi par le partenariat ou la bonne foi, mais par les petits caractères juridiques et le calcul des risques. Les mêmes entreprises qui se préparent aujourd’hui à demander réparation ont également le pouvoir de faire disparaître un concessionnaire du jour au lendemain, sans préavis ni obligation de rendre des comptes.

Le lien entre le scandale du redressement et l’affaire Mackie, c’est un système qui permet aux prêteurs de profiter dans l’ombre. Les consommateurs ont été laissés dans l’ignorance de la manière dont leurs prêts étaient évalués. Lorsque Kevin Mackie s’est adressé à RCI pour tenter de remédier à la situation, il s’est lui aussi heurté au silence et à l’obstruction. Les concessionnaires ont été rendus dépendants d’un soutien continu pour rester en activité. Et dans les deux cas, les prêteurs pouvaient agir seuls.

Les régulateurs nedoivent pas laisser passer ce moment. L’indemnisation est nécessaire. Mais une question plus profonde doit être posée : comment les constructeurs automobiles et leurs services de financement ont-ils pu acquérir un pouvoir aussi incontrôlé sur le marché britannique ?

Le secteur du financement automobile est devenu une étude de cas qui montre comment un pouvoir financier incontrôlé peut éroder la confiance, la transparence et la concurrence, tout en semblant offrir commodité et choix. L ‘histoire de Kevin Mackie est un avertissement. En l’absence de réforme, les entreprises responsables de la surfacturation des consommateurs resteront libres de détruire les entreprises locales, sans explication et sans conséquences.

Nous n’avons pas seulement besoin de remboursements. Nous avons besoin d’une réforme.

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